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Demospongiae > Haplosclerida > Petrosiidae > Neopetrosia dendrocrevacea

Observed Characteristics:

Color:

yellow
purple-violet
cinnamon-tan
brown

Morphology:

encrusting
lobate

Consistency:

soft
crumbly

Locations:

Colombia-San Andrés and Providencia Archipelago-Serrana Bank
Colombia-San Andrés and Providencia Archipelago-San Andrés island
Colombia-Santa Marta
Colombia-Cartagena-Banco Salmedina
Colombia-Islas del Rosario
Colombia-Gulf of Urabá
Panama-Bocas del Toro
Puerto Rico-La Parguera

Species Description and Notes

Description: Thin to thick encrustations, up to about 1 cm in thickness, covering several tens of cm of the substratum, which is often dead coral. The color can be burnt yellow to cinnamon-tan with purple tinges, or completely purplish brown, with the interior cream. The surface can be even or bumpy, with a network of slightly depressed veins which are subsurface canals, either converging in oscules or forming an irregular network. Oscules are dispersed, even or on top of mounds, up to about 4-5 mm in diameter, often with a membranous collar. Consistency is crumbly, easily tattered when handled; thinly encrusting specimens are generally soft. The skeleton is an anisotropic reticulation of irregularly ascending and diverging spicule tracts, 2-10 or more spicules in cross-section, 10-50 µm thick, separated some 50-130 µm, irregularly interconnected by single spicules or by spicule fascicles (sheets). Tracts end at the surface as spicule brushes; these, together with paratangentially placed, interconnecting spicules form a dense, confused ectosome, some 300-400 µm thick. Spicules are hastate oxea, stout, slightly curved, with thinner developmental stages, and ends short, acute, concave-conical, often slightly telescopic, 86-198 µm long by 2.0-10.5 µm thick. Sizes vary with locality, being larger in the continental coast of South America (e.g., mean 171.4 by 7.4 µm in the Gulf of Urabá), and shorter and thinner in far off oceanic locations (e.g., mean 130.1 by 3.8 µm in the San Andrés and Providencia Archipelago). For details in sizes see Vicente et al. (2019).

Notes: This species inhabits shallow to deep reefs, living exposed, often covering dead foliose or massive corals. In the third edition of the guide we called this species Neopetrosia sp.-“soft”. It may be initially confused in the field with N. proxima (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864), also pictured here, but can be distinguished by the usually softer texture and the lattice of canals visible at the surface. However, some of our specimes were hard enough for an initiall confusion, which was solved by looking at the tissue sections, which are more delicate in N. dendrocreavacea. I may also be confused in the field with Svenzea cristinae Alvarez, van Soest & Rützler, 2002, also pictured here, which is also thickly encrusting and soft, yellow to vinaceous, but has longer styles instead of oxea as spicules.

Author Reference: Vicente, Ríos, Zea & Toonen, 2019

Link: World Porifera Database

Tissue and Spicule Images

Spicules Image: a) Oxeas; b) ends of spicules. Sample from Bocas del Toro, Panama.

Source Specimen: https://spongeguide.uncw.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/02038.jpg

Tissue Image: a) Perpendicular section (surface above); b) enlargement at the surface; c) view of the choanosome. Sample from Bocas del Toro, Panama.

Source Specimen: https://spongeguide.uncw.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/02038.jpg

Spicules image: a) Oxeas. Sample from Serrana Bank, San Andrés Archipelago, Colombia (specimen INV POR1334, Paratype). Image composition (SEM photos) by Jaime Andrés Ríos (U. Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá campus).

Source Specimen: https://spongeguide.uncw.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/02040.jpg

Tissue images: a) Perpendicular section (surface above); b), c) enlargement of the choanosome. Sample from Serrana Bank, San Andrés Archipelago, Colombia (specimen INV POR1334, Paratype. Photos and image composition by Jaime Andrés Ríos (U. Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá campus).

Source Specimen: https://spongeguide.uncw.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/02040.jpg

Spicules image: a) Oxeas; b) ends of spicules. Sample from Santa Marta, Colombia (specimen INV POR1335, Paratype).

Source Specimen: https://spongeguide.uncw.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/PSM-206-INV1335-Neopetrosia-dendrocrevacea.jpg

Tissue image: a) Perpendicular section (surface above); b) enlargement of the choanosome; c) tangential view of the ectosome. Sample from Santa Marta, Colombia (specimen INV POR1335, Paratype).

Source Specimen: https://spongeguide.uncw.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/PSM-206-INV1335-Neopetrosia-dendrocrevacea.jpg

Spicules image: a) Oxeas. Sample from Santa Marta, Colombia [specimen ICN-MHN(Po) 269, Holotype]. Photos and image composition by Jaime Andrés Ríos (U. Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá campus).

Source Specimen: https://spongeguide.uncw.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/PSM-389-ICN269-Neopetrosia-dendrocrevacea-2.jpg

Tissue image: a) Perpendicular section (surface above); b) tangential view of the ectosome; c) enlargement at the surface; d) view of the choanosome. Sample from Santa Marta, Colombia [specimen ICN-MHN(Po) 269, Holotype].

Source Specimen: https://spongeguide.uncw.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/PSM-389-ICN269-Neopetrosia-dendrocrevacea-2.jpg

Spicules image: a) Oxeas. Sample from Banco Salmendina, Cartagena, Colombia (specimen INV POR1336, Paratype). Photos and image composition by Jaime Andrés Ríos (U. Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá campus).

Tissue image: a) Perpendicular section (surface above); b) enlargement of the choanosome c) tangential view of the ectosome. Sample from Banco Salmedina, Cartagena, Colombia (specimen INV POR1336, Paratype). Photos and image composition by Jaime Andrés Ríos (U. Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá campus).

Spicules image: a) Oxeas. Sample from Islas del Rosario, Colombia (specimen INV POR1337, Paratype). Photos and image composition by Jaime Andrés Ríos (U. Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá campus).

Tissue image: a) Perpendicular section (surface above); b) enlargement of the choanosome c) tangential view of the ectosome. Sample from Islas del Rosario, Colombia (specimen INV POR1337, Paratype). Photos and image composition by Jaime Andrés Ríos (U. Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá campus).

Spicules image: a) Oxeas. Sample from Gulf of Urabá, Colombia (specimen INV POR0535). Photos and image composition by Jaime Andrés Ríos (U. Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá campus).

Tissue image: a) Perpendicular section (surface above); b) enlargement of the choanosome; c) tangential view of the ectosome. Sample from Gulf of Urabá, Colombia (specimen INV POR0535). Photos and image composition by Jaime Andrés Ríos (U. Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá campus).